Accountancy These notes are designed exactly as per CUET Accountancy Syllabus for 2026 Unit I: Accounting for Partnership Unit II: Reconstitution of a Partnership firm Unit III: Dissolution of Partnership Firm Unit IV: Company Accounts: Accounting for Share and Debenture Capital Unit V: Analysis of Financial Statements

Analysis of Financial Statements 1. Financial Statements of a Company Financial statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) are summarised reports providing the operating results and financial position of a company. Prescribed Form and Major Headings A company’s Balance Sheet is structured to show financial health at a specific point in time. The major headings as per the Companies Act, 2013 include: I. Equity and Liabilities: Shareholders’ Funds: Includes Share Capital

Company Accounts: Accounting for Share and Debenture Capital 1. Features and Types of Companies A company is an association of persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common inventory for a common purpose. It is an artificial person that is invisible, intangible, and exists only in the eyes of the law. Being a creation of law, it possesses only the properties conferred upon it by its charter of creation. The capital of a company is contributed by shareholders ,

Dissolution of Partnership Firm 1. Meaning of Dissolution In legal and accounting terms, a distinction must be made between the dissolution of partnership and the dissolution of a partnership firm . Dissolution of Partnership Dissolution of partnership refers to a change in the existing relationship between partners, but the firm continues its business . This occurs during reconstitution, such as: Change in the profit-sharing ratio among existing partners. Admission of a new

Reconstitution of a Partnership firm 1. Modes of Reconstitution A partnership firm can be reconstituted in several ways: Admission of a New Partner: When additional capital or managerial help is required. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio (PSR): When existing partners decide to alter their roles or contributions. Retirement of a Partner: Due to bad health, old age, or other interests. Death of a Partner: If remaining partners choose to continue the business. Insolvency of a

Accounting for Partnership 1. Nature of Partnership Firm Definition and Essential Features According to Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 , partnership is defined as the "relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all" . Individuals who enter into a partnership are called 'partners' , and collectively they are known as a 'firm' . The business operates under a 'firm’s name' . The essentia

Business Studies CUET UG Notes These notes are designed exactly as per CUET Business Studies Syllabus for 2026 Unit I: Nature and Significance of Management Unit II: Principles of Management Unit III: Business Environment Unit IV: Planning Unit V: Organising Unit VI: Staffing Unit VII: Directing Unit VIII: Controlling

CONTROLLING I. Meaning and Nature of Controlling 1. Meaning of Controlling Controlling is a fundamental managerial function that involves ensuring that activities in an organisation are performed according to the plans. It acts as a monitoring mechanism to track the progress of various activities and ensures that they conform to the standards set in advance. The primary aim of controlling is to ensure that organisational resources are being utilised effectively and efficien

DIRECTING I. Concept, Importance, and Principles of Directing 1. Meaning of Directing In the context of management, directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counselling, motivating, and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is not merely an issue of communication but encompasses elements like supervision, motivation, and leadership. Directing is a managerial process that takes place throughout the life of an organisation. 2. Charact

Staffing I. Meaning, Need, and Importance of Staffing 1. Meaning of Staffing Staffing is the managerial function of filling and keeping filled the positions in the organisation structure. In simplest terms, it is ‘putting people to jobs’. It is a continuous process in existing enterprises because new jobs are constantly created and existing employees may leave. Staffing recognizes that the individual worker is the ultimate performer and the foundation of any organisation is

ORGANISING I. Meaning and Importance of Organising 1. Meaning of Organising Organising is the management function that follows planning. It is defined as a process that initiates the implementation of plans by clarifying jobs and working relationships and effectively deploying resources for the attainment of identified and desired results. Essentially, it coordinates human efforts, assembles resources, and integrates both into a unified whole to be utilised for achieving sp

Planning I. Concept and Meaning of Planning Planning is the basic managerial function that involves deciding in advance what to do and how to do it. It represents the process of thinking before doing, which requires a manager to formulate an idea of how to work on a particular task. Fundamentally, planning seeks to bridge the gap between where we are today and where we want to go in the future. It is a rational approach for achieving predetermined goals by setting objectives

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT I. Meaning of Business Environment The term ‘business environment’ refers to the sum total of all individuals, institutions, and other forces that exist outside the control of a business enterprise but possess the potential to affect its performance. A useful way to conceptualise this is to imagine the entire universe and subtract the subset representing the specific organisation; the remainder constitutes its environment. This environment includes vari

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT I. Principles of Management: Concept, Nature, and Significance 1. Meaning of Principles of Management Management principles are broad and general guidelines for managerial decision-making and behaviour . They are distinct from techniques of management , which are specific procedures or methods involving a series of steps to accomplish goals. While techniques are sequential, principles serve as the underlying guidelines for those actions. Furtherm

Nature and Significance of Management I. Concept, Objectives, and Importance of Management 1. The Concept of Management Management is essential for all types of organisations, whether they are big or small, profit or non-profit, or manufacturing or service-based. It is defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently . Process: Refers to the primary functions or activities management performs: planning, organising, staf

Economics CUET UG Notes These notes are designed exactly as per CUET Economics Syllabus for 2026 Introductory Microeconomics Unit I: Introduction, Theory of Consumer Behaviour Unit II: Production and Costs Unit III: The Theory of the firms under perfect competition Unit IV: Market Equilibrium and Simple Applications Introductory Macroeconomics Unit I: Introduction and National Income Accounting Unit II: Money and Banking Unit III: Determination of Income and Employment Unit I

Open Economy Macroeconomics 1. Introduction: Meaning of the Government Budget In a mixed economy like India, the government plays a significant role alongside the private sector. The Government Budget is a constitutional requirement under Article 112 , which mandates the central government to present an 'Annual Financial Statement' before the Parliament for every financial year (running from 1 April to 31 March ). It is a detailed statement of estimated receipts and expen

Government Budget and the Economy 1. Introduction: Meaning of the Government Budget In a mixed economy like India, the government plays a significant role alongside the private sector. The Government Budget is a constitutional requirement under Article 112 , which mandates the central government to present an 'Annual Financial Statement' before the Parliament for every financial year (running from 1 April to 31 March ). It is a detailed statement of estimated receipts and

Determination of Income and Employment I. Introduction to Macroeconomic Equilibrium Macroeconomics seeks to develop theoretical tools called models to describe the processes determining variables like national income, employment, and price levels. The analysis of income determination provided here is based on the theory given by John Maynard Keynes. For the purpose of this model, we assume a short-run environment where the price level of final goods and the rate of interest

Money and Banking I. Meaning and Functions of Money Money is defined as the commonly accepted medium of exchange. In a simple economy with only one individual or a self-sufficient family, money has no role. However, in a modern economy where millions of economic agents engage in market transactions, money becomes an essential instrument to facilitate exchange. Before the advent of money, societies relied on the barter system, which involves the direct exchange of goods and s